Basic Book of Accounting - Journal - Recording Debit and Credit in Accounting

Traders are required to maintain different books for keeping accounts relating to business which are as under:

(I) Journal

(2) Ledger (it shall be explained in another article)

Basic Book of Accounting - Journal - Recording Debit and Credit in Accounting

Journal

In order to study the journal, certain related terms along with the procedure of accounting must be studied, which are as follows :

The Account

Transactions involving receipts and payments of cash affect the cash balance. Receipts increase the cash balance and payments decrease the cash balance. Instead of increasing or decreasing the balance after every transaction we may put all increases together in one column and all decreases together in another column and find the balance only when required. It will be much convenient and time saving.

In accounting, the device called an account is used for this purpose. The simple form of account is called a T account is shown below. Increases of cash have been listed on the left hand side and the decreases on the right hand side, the closing balance has been ascertained by deducting the total payments from the total of the left-hand side.

Debit and Credit in Accounting

As is clear from the form of account given above it is divided in two parts: Left-hand side is known as 'debit side' and right hand side is known as 'credit side'.

Amounts entered on the debit side (left hand side) are called debits and amounts on the credit side right-hand side) are called credits. 'To debit' means to make an entity in the left-hand side of an account' and 'To credit' means to make an entry in the right-hand side of an account.

The words debit and credit have no other meaning in accounting.

Abbreviation used for debit is Dr. and for credit Cr.

Rules of Debit and Credit (Equation Based)

Dual aspect concept in accounting implies that every accounting transaction would be expressed by a debit amount and an equal and opposite credit amount. Thus, the rule that for each transaction debit amount must equal the credit amount has absolutely no exception. The equality of debits and credits may be expressed in the form of an equation:

Debit = Credit

In the previous article we discussed accounting equation:

A-L = P

i.e., Assets-Liabilities = Proprietor's Funds or Capital

If each account was to be considered in isolation it would make no difference whether increases were recorded on the debit side or on the credit side but since the accounts are inter-dependent therefore a system of recording increases and decreases on the two sides had to be fixed. Traditionally or conventionally increases in asset accounts are recorded on the debit side while increases in liabilities and capital are recorded on the credit side. The above rule ensures that when account balances are totaled will confirm to the accounting equation discussed above.

It gives rise to the following rules: .

1. Increases in asset accounts are debits, decreases are credits.

2. Increases in liability accounts are credits, decreases are debits.

3. Increases in Owner's equity accounts are credits, decreases are debits.

Total classes of accounts maintained by any business will include the accounts relating to expenses, losses, revenues and profits in addition to assets, liabilities and proprietor's funds. Rules of debit and credit regarding assets, liabilities and capital have been stated above and the rules for expenses / losses and revenues/ profits can be derived from the same.

4. Increases in expenses/ losses accounts are debits.

Since the expenses and losses when incurred and suffered lead to reduction in the capital and ecreases in owner's equity accounts are debits, therefore increases in expenses and losses accounts are Debits.

5. Increases in revenues/ profit accounts are credits.

Since the revenues and profits when earned will lead to increase in the capital and increase in owner's equity accounts are credits, therefore increases in revenue and profits accounts are credits.

The rules of debit and credit discussed above are based on accounting equation technique. Traditional rules of debit and credit are based on classification of accounts. These rules in practice give the same
results and operate in the same manner. These merely stale the position in a different way.

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Definition of Forensic Science

Forensics is a field of science dedicated to the methodical gathering and analysis of evidence to establish facts that can be presented in a legal proceeding. Though crime scenes and laboratories are perhaps, most often associated with forensics, there is also computer or network forensics, forensic accounting, forensic engineering and forensic psychiatry, among other specialized fields that are today an integral part of forensics. In the United States of America, forensics was a fairly obscure topic for the general public until the double-murder trial of Orenthal James Simpson in 1995. In the historic case that gripped the entire nation, weeks of testimony were heard on DNA blood evidence, shoeprint evidence, fiber evidence and other forensics. Since then, a bevy of forensics-based television shows have regularly topped the ratings, making it a household word.

Those who collect forensic evidence must follow strict procedures to protect the evidence from getting contaminated or destroyed, and must preserve the chain of custody. Since science is unbiased and sound, forensics is considered a very critical part of any investigation. While witnesses may often be mistaken, have credibility issues, hold a stake in the outcome, have fading memories, or even pass away, forensics "tells the same story" no matter how many times it is tested, or how many years have passed.

The field of forensics is so vast that it requires specialists or criminalists at every point of investigation, from tire track analysis, to odontology, to the lands and grooves that make every gun barrel unique. From microscopic evidence and transfer evidence such as fibers and hair, to blood splatter and forensic entomology, there are many fields of specialization within forensic science.

Definition of Forensic Science

Though forensics deals with circumstantial evidence, it is often widely considered as the best and the most compelling evidence that any prosecution or defense lawyer can have in his or her arsenal. Some people suggest that the public's awareness of forensic science might be potentially compromising to law enforcement, producing educated criminals who might be more apt to try and effect a clean crime scene. Experts generally tend to believe that it is nearly impossible to avoid leaving behind trace evidence at a crime scene, even when extraordinary efforts are made to the contrary.

Definition of Forensic Science
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Trojan Virus Removal - 3 Steps How to Get the Trojan Virus Off My Computer Quickly

What would you do when you have a Trojan Horse virus lurking in your system? Look for Trojan virus removal methods of course! There are many severe consequences the Trojan Horse virus can lead to. It in fact has the ability to ultimately wreak havoc on your system.

Once this virus worms itself on to your computer it can install spyware applications which in turn permit hackers to have access to all your online activities and steal all your data. Hackers can also upload/ download/ delete/ modify your files and generally take over control of your system. Sounds scary? Then it is high time for you to act and put Trojan virus removal as top priority action item.

Any spyware or virus removal including Trojan virus removal can be done using spyware tools or manually. It might actually be a good idea to do both! Spyware removal software is in general quick and easy to use when it comes from a secure and reliable source. Any user will be able to achieve virus cleaning in minutes with a good tool. But then there are people who like to try it out manually first. If you are one of them you can try out the following manual steps:

Trojan Virus Removal - 3 Steps How to Get the Trojan Virus Off My Computer Quickly

1. Use Add/ Remove programs option:
You can do this by first starting your computer is safe mode by re-booting and clicking on F8/ Shift F8. When you so this the spyware does not get loaded into the system's memory. Click Start-Control Panel-  Add or Remove Programs. This gives a list of all programs that are installed on your machine. Look for those associated with the Spyware and delete them. To get a list of programs corresponding to a particular virus you can launch a search online.

2. Delete Spyware files:
Again the list of files associated with a specific virus can be searched for on the net. After this it is only a question of looking for these files on your system and deleting them permanently.

3. Delete redundant registry entries:
When the Trojan virus gets installed on your machine, it also adds some entries in your registry. To flush out the virus completely you will need to remove these values.

When doing manual Trojan virus removal it is good to be extra careful to avoid deleting needed files/ entries.

To clean up your system thoroughly and to know more about the best spyware removal tool you can go to the following link.

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How Technology Has Impacted Accounting

From the early days of clay tokens to the invention of the abacus, accounting is as old as civilization. It wasn't until the commercial revolution at the end of the dark ages that double-entry bookkeeping came into existence. (It began in the Venice/Florence area in Italy.) A hundred years later, Luca Pacioli, a Franciscan monk, wrote a math book that suggested merchants needed three things: sufficient cash or credit, an accounting system, and a good bookkeeper. Today accounting is commonly offered as a major of study. What do you, as a prospective accounting major, need to know about the field?

What is commonly known today as "cost accounting" (defined as "The discipline of estimating, tracking and controlling product and service costs") didn't start until the late 18th century, and was spawned by an unlikely source-a world famous potter. Josiah Wedgwood was a highly successful potter when a depression hit, and he discovered that not only were his clerks ignoring much needed paperwork, they were also stealing money hand over fist.

He took the time to examine the books in detail, noting inaccuracies and becoming aware of the importance of calculating overhead into the costs of his pottery. He hired a new clerk and began weekly accounting reviews, and according to historians, the concepts of "economies of scale" and "sunk costs" were discovered. He changed the prices of his pottery to reflect the influence of demand, creating both a high-end line and a lower quality mass market line. Wedgewood's company was one of the few to survive that depression.

How Technology Has Impacted Accounting

It took another fifty years or so for the occupation now known as "accountants" to come into vogue. In the mid-19th century, a group of clerks in London advertised their services as "accomptants." As business regulations increased along with taxes, the need for professional number crunchers became clear. The first accounting firm opened in 1845 in London.

Early Technology

Technology has always played a role in keeping track of numbers, and the idea of using machines to solve mathematical problems goes back centuries. Leonardo da Vinci actually designed a machine he called the "Codex Madrid" that contained thirteen wheels that registered digits.

While there were several other attempts to build a numbers calculator, but it was Blaise Pascal, a French scientist, who invented the early calculator (interestingly enough, he also is credited with inventing the roulette machine and the wrist watch).

In 1885, William Burroughs invented the first working adding machine. The first batch of machines didn't sell very well since Mr. Burroughs was the only person who could use them, so they were recalled, and the corrective automatic adding machine was invented. Naturally, this model sold much better.

Adding machines and then later-much later-calculators made the job of accounting much easier. They led to fewer mistakes, greater accountability, and sped up the work of the average bookkeeper or accountant.

The 20th Century Information Revolution

While there were subtle changes in the field of accounting from its early days through the 1970s, the job remained virtually the same: paper records of columns of numbers. But with the invention of the computer, that all changed.

In 1930, Vannevar Bush, a professor at MIT, built an electronic differential analyzer. Other inventors such as Konrad Zuse and Howard Aiken built hybrid binary arithmetic machines and used electric relays to calculate sums. Professor Aiken worked with IBM, and in 1942 they built what could be called the first computer. Over the course of the next fifty years, massive computers capable of only simple calculations went from filling entire rooms to the small desktop computer most of us use at home and the office today.

Computers allow accountants to use electronic spreadsheets-eliminating the need for adding machines, calculators, and pencils and ledgers in one fell swoop. It became much simpler for accountants to keep track of information on a minute-by-minute basis and completely eliminated most mistakes. This has led to greater efficiency and accountability, and has changed the face of accounting considerably.

New Technology Leads to New Risks

Of course, all this electronic information is prey to sabotage and other forms of destructive action. Fraud is still possible. But this has led to new areas of accounting work, such as forensic accounting. New computer programs help track any attempts to initiate fraud. This area of accounting protection and investigation will continue to grow and evolve.

Accounting Technology at Home

The computer has not only revolutionized business accounting, it's also changed how people keep track of their own money. Banking online, software programs that do your taxes, and automatic bill paying have dramatically altered how the individual handles their money.

Most of us are grateful that we no longer have to use an abacus to balance our checkbooks, or clay tokens to figure out the grocery budget. As technology continues to evolve, keeping track of our money will be easier and easier. Thanks to some early mathematicians and accountants, crunching numbers is more accurate, accessible, and error-proof. In the future, new innovations will no doubt make our lives easier.

The first step in any area of study is to review the history of the field. Accounting is a career path anticipating strong growth in the coming years. Students majoring in accounting can be assured of long-term career stability and success. If you have a head for numbers, consider becoming an accountant.

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Are You Suffering From LaryngoPharyngeal Reflux Or LPR?

Laryngopharyngeal Reflux or LPR is a little known but common disorder that can cause major problems if left untreated. LPR is caused by the backflow of stomach acids and food particles up through the esophagus all the way to the voice box or larynx/pharynx. LPR may not be associated with eating and can occur at any time of day or night. If you suffer from acid reflux heartburn it does not mean that you are subject to LPR. The difference being the extent of the reflux travels in the esophagus. Acid reflux heartburn in most cases only affects the lower portion of the esophagus.

It is an interesting fact that many people who do suffer from Laryngopharyngeal Reflux may not even suffer from the effects of heartburn at all. The reason for this is that the refluxed material does not stay in the esophagus long enough to cause the pain and symptoms of classic acid reflux. A major portion of the acid reflux ends up in the throat where due to its sensitive nature extensive damage can occur.  

The symptoms of LPR include chronic hoarseness, throat clearing and coughing. Many people also describe the feeling of a constant lump or obstruction in their throat. In addition you may also have the classic symptoms of acid reflux heartburn as well. Another symptom comes in the form of chronic nasal drainage into the throat which causes a cough or constant throat clearing. If you have these symptoms then you should contact an ENT (Ear, Nose and Throat) doctor also called an Otolaryngologist. Ignoring these symptoms especially if you are a smoker can lead to a serious medical condition.  

Are You Suffering From LaryngoPharyngeal Reflux Or LPR?

The doctor will conduct an exam and may require some additional tests to determine if you indeed have LPR. The two most common tests used to diagnose LPR include a Barium swallow and a 24 hour esophageal PH test. You may find that your ENT will schedule you for both tests since the result provide different information. The Barium swallow is normally done as an outpatient procedure at the local hospital. Basically you will be required to swallow a chalky solution while standing in front of an x-ray machine. This test will tell the doctor how you are swallowing and if there is any abnormality in throat area.  

The second test is called a Ph-metry test and it basically will monitor the Ph levels in your esophagus over a 24 hour period. The test is begun in either the doctor's office or the local hospital. Many people find the testing procedure either annoying or uncomfortable but it is critical for a proper diagnosis of LPR. The test is begun by inserting a small soft inflatable tube into your nose and down in to the esophagus. Once inserted it is attached to a belt held computer that is worn around your waist. You will be required to wear these devices for a 24 hour period.  

Once the doctor has reviewed the data and made his or her diagnosis you will be given a number of treatment options. In almost all case it will require a lifestyle changes in order to be effective. This especially true if you are a smoker continuing to smoke while suffering from laryngopharyngeal reflux disorder can in many cases lead to serious consequences including cancer of the throat. Many people will be asked to change their diet and add exercise to their daily routine. Specific medications may be prescribed to temporarily reduce stomach acid until the lifestyle changes are completed. In rare cases surgery to repair the lower sphincter muscle or LES may be necessary to prevent acid reflux heartburn and LPR.  

As stated before ignoring LPR can lead to serious problems. These include noisy breathing, choking episodes, breathing problems like asthma or bronchitis as well as cancer of the esophagus, voice box and throat.     

Are You Suffering From LaryngoPharyngeal Reflux Or LPR?
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Suggested Careers For Myers Briggs Test Personality Types

During times of a major economic downturn many people decide to change their career. Usually a major career change will require that you go back to school. Going back to school can be a tough decision especially if you have already started your career. To help decide which career type you should follow we have created a list of careers that are best suited for each of the 16 Myers Briggs personality types.

ESTJ
Military, business administrators, managers, police/detective work, judges, financial officers, teachers, sales representatives, government workers, insurance agents, underwriters, nursing administrators, trade and technical teachers, mafia dons. Natural leaders, they work best when they are in charge and enforcing the rules.

ISTJ
Business executives, administrators and managers, accountants, police, detectives, judges, lawyers, medical doctors, dentists, computer programmers, systems analysts, computer specialists, auditors, electricians, math teachers, mechanical engineers, steelworkers, technicians, militia members. Similar to the ESTJ, they have a knack for detail and memorization, but work more behind the scenes instead of up front as a leader.

Suggested Careers For Myers Briggs Test Personality Types

ESFJ
Home economics, nursing, teaching, administrators, child care, family practice physician, clergy, office managers, counselers, social workers, bookkeeping, accounting, secretaries, organization
leaders, dental assistants, homemakers, radiological technologists, receptionists, religious educators, speech pathologists.. They do best in jobs where they can apply their natural warmth at building relationships with other people.

ISFJ
Interior decorators, designers, nurses, administrators, managers, secretaries, child care/early childhood development, social work, counselors, paralegals, clergy, office managers, shopkeepers,
bookkeepers, homemakers, gardeners, clerical supervisors, curators, family practice physicians, health service workers, librarians, medical technologists, typists. Tradition-oriented and down-to-earth, they do best in jobs where they can help people achieve their goals, or where structure is needed.

ESTP
Sales representatives, marketers, police, detectives, paramedics, medical technicians, computer technicians, computer technical support, entrepreneurs, comedians, agents, race car drivers,
firefighters, military, loan sharks, con men, auditors, carpenters, craft workers, farmers, laborers, service workers, transportation operatives. They have a gift for reacting to and solving immediate problems, and persuading other people.

ISTP
Police, detectives, forensic pathologists, computer programmers, system analysts, computer specialists, engineers, carpenters, mechanics, pilots, drivers, athletes, entrepreneurs, firefighters,
paramedics, construction workers, dental hygienists, electrical engineers, farmers, military, probation officers, steelworkers, transportation operatives, hit men. With the ability to stay calm
under pressure, they excel in any job which requires immediate action.

ESFP
Actors, painters, comedians, adult entertainers, sales representatives, teachers, counselors, social workers, child care, fashion designers, interior decorators, consultants, photographers,
musicians, human resources managers, clerical supervisors, coaches, factory supervisors, food service workers, receptionists, recreation workers, religious educators, respiratory therapists.. Optimistic and fun-loving, their enthusiasm is great for motivating others.

ISFP
Artists, musicians, composers, designers, child care workers, social workers, counselers, teachers, veterinarians, forest rangers, naturalists, bookkeepers, carpenters, personal service workers,
clerical supervisors, secretaries, dental and medical staffers, waiters and waitresses, chefs, nurses, mechanics, physical therapists, x-ray technicians. They tend to do well in the arts, as well as helping others and working with people.

ENFJ
Teachers, consultants, psychiatrists, social workers, counselers, clergy, sales representative, human resources, managers, events coordinators, politicians, diplomats, writers, actors, designers,
homemakers, musicians, religious workers, writers. They have a gift of encouraging others actualize themselves, and provide excellent leadership.

INFJ
Counselers, clergy, missionaries, teachers, medical doctors, dentists, chiropractors, psychologists, psychiatrists, writers, musicians, artists, psychics, photographers, child care workers, education consultants, librarians, marketeers, scientists, social workers.. Blessed with an idealistic vision, they do best when they seek to make that vision a reality.

ENFP
Actors, journalists, writers, musicians, painters, consultants, psychologists, psychiatrists, entrepreneurs, teachers, counselors, politicians, diplomats, television reporters, marketers,
scientists, sales representatives, artists, clergy, public relations, social scientists, social workers.. Very creative and fun-loving, they excel at careers which allow them to express their ideas and spontaneity.

INFP
Writers, artists, counselors, social workers, English teachers, fine arts teachers, child care workers, clergy, missionaries, psychologists, psychiatrists, scientists, political activists, editors, education consultants, journalists, religious educators, social scientists.. Driven by a strong sense of personal values, they are also highly creative and can offer support from behind the scenes.

ENTJ
Business executives, CEOs, organization founders, business administrators, managers, entrepreneurs, judges, lawyers, computer consultants, university professors, politicians, credit investigators, labor relations worker, marketing department manager, mortgage banker, systems analysts, scientists. They are born to lead and can steer the organization towards their vision, using their excellent organizing and understanding of what needs to get done.

INTJ -
Scientists, engineers, professors, teachers, medical doctors, dentists, corporate strategists, organization founders, business administrators, managers, military, lawyers, judges, computer
programmers, system analysts, computer specialists, psychologists, photographers, research department managers, researchers, university instructors, chess players. They have a particular skill at grasping difficult, complex concepts and building strategies.

ENTP
Entrepreneurs, lawyers, psychologists, photographers, consultants, sales representatives, actors, engineers, scientists, inventors, marketers, computer programmers, comedians, computer analysts,
credit investigators, journalists, psychiatrists, public relations, designers, writers, artists, musicians, politicians. Very freedom-oriented, they need a career which allows them to act independent and express their creativity and insight.

INTP
Physicists, chemists, biologists, photographers, strategic planners, mathematicians, university professors, computer programmers, computer animators, technical writers, engineers, lawyers, forensic researchers, writers, artists, psychologists, social scientists, systems analysts, researchers, surveyors. Highly analytical, they can discover connections between two seemingly unrelated things, and work best when allowed to use their imagination and critical thinking.

Suggested Careers For Myers Briggs Test Personality Types
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Top 6 Computer Forensics Schools

If you are really interested in retrieving lost data from digital devices like hard discs and memory cards for crime investigation purpose, you can consider earning a computer forensics degree as federal agencies and other detective agencies recruited people who have knowledge about computers and trained them for specific tasks regarding to this particular field of forensics. There are many universities and colleges have started running specialized courses for this field of study.

Most universities offer this particular course online, while some institutions offer traditional degree that requires candidates to attend lectures on campus. Here are the best universities that offer both online and off-line degree of this particular course:

The American Intercontinental University (AIU) is one of the most reputed universities offering such courses. You can earn one of the most reputed Bachelor's degrees in computer forensics and a Master's degree in Internet Security through the AIU. The Kaplan University provides degrees in computer crime and criminal justice. This university does not provide a Master's degree program but they offer Bachelor's degree course in this field of study. The Virginia College runs courses that would help you in earning a Master's degree in Cyber Security. The University of Phoenix runs regular and online courses for associate degrees in Information Systems. Similar programs are run by the Colorado State University, offering associate degree in Information Technology, Bachelor's degree in IT security and Master's degree in Information technology. The Capella University also runs highly reputed online programs specializing in IT and Information systems.

Top 6 Computer Forensics Schools

Top 6 Computer Forensics Schools
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Computer Forensics Career - What Does a Computer Forensic Investigator Actually Do?

Computer forensics is a division of overall forensic science specifically involved with exploring evidences that are hidden in various digital computing devices. This particular field of study basically retrieves unearthing hidden data from digital storage devices such as hard disks, CD-ROMS, flash memories and cell phones.

Throughout the years, this particular field of study has branched and spread its branch to other fields such as retrieving email files, processing systems and data packets traveling on a network. Generally, any information explaining a sequence of events that can be retrieved from a digital computing device can be used as court evidence.

Currently, technology has been widely exploited in order to commit serious crimes including ID thefts, phishing and other online fraudulent crimes. In order to keep a step ahead of these criminals, various detective and investigative agencies from different countries; have strengthened their forces and prepared them with the expertise to fight such crimes. Firewall forensics, database forensics and network & mobile device forensics are some of the many fields that have emerged out of computer forensics in the last decade.

Computer Forensics Career - What Does a Computer Forensic Investigator Actually Do?

Normally, an investigation of this area is divided into five broad sections:
Preparation of an investigation Collection of data from digital computing devices Examination of the data Analysis of the data Reporting

Much like any other forensic investigation, evidences based on this particular investigation can be used to charge the culprits in court. Computer forensic investigators normally work in the lab for hours - sometimes they have to stay overnight in the lab looking for important leads in some criminal cases.

Computer Forensics Career - What Does a Computer Forensic Investigator Actually Do?
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